UNIX COMMANDS
04/09/2009 16:53
Terminal control characters for C-shell
^h, backspace |
erase previously typed character |
^u |
erase entire line of input so far typed |
^d |
end-of-input for programs reading from terminal |
^s |
stop printing on terminal |
^q |
continue printing on terminal |
^z |
suspend currently running job; restart with bg or fg |
DEL, ^c |
kill currently running program and allow clean-up before exiting |
^\ |
emergency kill of currently running program with no chance of cleanup |
Also see a list of special characters that should not be used in filenames.
Login and authentication
login |
access computer; start interactive session |
logout |
disconnect terminal session |
passwd |
change local login password; you must set a strong password that is not easily guessed |
kinit |
obtain kerberos ticket for connections to other kerberized computers |
kdestroy |
destroy kerberos tickets (authorizations) |
keeptoken |
request longer lifetime for kerberos ticket so long-running jobs can access AFS files |
Information
date |
show date and time |
history |
list of previously executed commands |
pine |
read or send email messages or networks news groups |
msgs |
display system messages |
man |
show online documentation by program name |
info |
online documentation for GNU programs |
w, who |
who is on the system and what they are doing |
whoami |
who is logged onto this terminal |
top |
show system stats and top CPU using processes |
uptime |
show one line summary of system status |
finger |
find out info about a user@system |
whois |
look up information in the Stanford Directory |
File management
cat |
combine files |
cp |
copy files |
ls |
list files in a directory and their attributes |
mv |
change file name or directory location |
rm |
remove files |
ln |
create another link (name) to a file |
chmod |
set file permissions |
crypt |
encode/decode a file with a private key |
gzip, gunzip |
compress/decompress a file |
find |
find files that match specific criteria |
Display contents of files
cat |
copy files to display device |
more |
show text file on display terminal with paging control |
head |
show first few lines of a file(s) |
tail |
show last few lines of a file; or reverse line order |
vi |
full-featured screen editor for modifying text files |
pico |
simple screen editor for modifying text files |
grep |
display lines that match a pattern |
lpr |
send file to line printer |
pr |
format file with page headers, multiple columns, etc. |
diff |
compare two files and show differences |
cmp |
compare two binary files and report if different |
comm |
compare two files; show common or unique lines |
od |
display binary files as eqivalent octal/hex codes |
strings |
show printable text embedded in binary files |
file |
examine file(s) and guess type: text, data, program, etc. |
wc |
count characters, words, and lines in a file |
Directories
cd |
change to new directory |
mkdir |
create new directory |
rmdir |
remove empty directory (remove files first) |
mv |
change name of directory |
pwd |
show current directory |
Devices
df |
summarize free space on disk drive |
du |
show disk space used by files or directories |
Special character handling for C-shell (See man csh)
* |
match any characters in a file name |
~user |
shorthand for home directory of user |
$name |
substitute value of variable name |
\ |
turn off special meaning of character that follows |
' |
in pairs, quote string with special chars, except ! |
" |
in pairs, quote string with special chars, except !, $ |
` |
in pairs, substitute output from enclosed command |
Controlling program execution for C-shell (See man csh)
& |
run job in background |
DEL, ^c |
kill job in foreground |
^z |
suspend job in foreground |
fg |
restart suspended job in foreground |
bg |
run suspended job in background |
; |
delimit commands on same line |
() |
group commands on same line |
! |
re-run earlier commands from history list |
jobs |
list current jobs |
ps |
print process screen |
kill |
kill background job or previous process |
nice |
run program at lower priority |
at |
run program at a later time |
crontab |
run program at specified intervals |
limit |
see or set resource limits for programs |
alias |
create alias name for program (in .login) |
sh, csh |
execute command file |
Controlling program input/output for C-shell (See man csh)
| |
pipe output to input |
> |
redirect output to a storage file |
< |
redirect input from a storage file |
>> |
append redirected output to a storage file |
tee |
copy input to both file and next program in pipe |
script |
make file record of all terminal activity |
Email and communication
pine |
process mail with fill-screen menu interface or read USENET news groups |
msgs |
read system bulletin board messages |
mail |
send/read email; can be run by other programs to send exisiting files via email |
uuencode, uudecode |
encode/decode a binary file for transmission via email |
finger |
translate real name to account name for email |
whois |
look up email addresses in the Stanford Directory |
talk |
interactive communication in real-time (chat) |
rn |
read USENET news groups |
Editors and formatting utilities
sed |
programmable text editor for data streams |
vi |
full-featured editor for character terminals |
emacs |
GNU emacs editor for character terminals |
xemacs |
GNU emacs editory for X Window terminals |
pico |
very simple text editor, same as pine Compose screen |
fmt |
fill and break lines to make all same length |
fold |
break long lines to specified length |
X Window client programs (output to X terminal or server)
xterm |
provide login shell window |
xauth |
manipulate authorization files |
xload |
show system load |
xman |
full screen online manual viewer |
pinex |
send or recieve mail messages |
xemacs |
GNU emacs editor |
gv |
interface to contol gs to display PostScript or PDF files on screen |
xdvi |
display DVI files on X Window (screen preview) |
netscape |
web browser |
gnuplot |
interactive data plotting on screen |
TeX typesetting system
tex |
process TeX files to DVI (device independent) output |
latex |
process LaTeX files to DVI |
texpr |
process and print TeX and LaTeX in one step |
dvips |
print DVI files on Postscript laser printer |
xdvi |
display DVI files on X Window (screen preview) |
latex2html |
translate LaTeX files to HTML (for web pages) |
Printing
lpr |
send file to print queue |
lpq |
examine status of files in print queue |
lprm |
remove a file from print queue |
op lpc
abort qname |
abort print queue qname to clear printer (all files saved) |
op lpc
start qname |
restart print queue qname |
enscript |
convert text files to PostScript format for printing |
Interpreted languages and data manipulation utilities
sed |
programmable text editor for data streams |
awk |
pattern scanning and processing language; 1985 vers. |
perl |
Practical Extraction and Report Language |
sort |
sort or merge lines in a file(s) by specified fields |
tr |
translate characters |
cut |
cut out columns from a file |
paste |
paste columns into a file |
dd |
copy data between devices; reblock; convert EBCDIC |
Graphics and mapping
gnuplot |
interactive data plotting; outputs to PostScript or X Window |
GMT |
general 2D and 3D data processing and plotting software package; also plots maps |
gs |
"ghostscript" converter displays PostScript files on X Window displays or other devices |
Networking/communications
klogin |
remote login to kerberized computer; encrypted |
krsh |
execute single command on remote kerberized computer; encrypted |
krcp |
remote file copy to/from kerberized computer; encrypted |
ssh |
remote login/command execution; encrypted |
scp |
remote non-interactive file copy; encrypted |
sftp |
remote interactive file copy; encrypted |
telnet |
remote network login - plain text password |
ftp |
network file transfer program - plain text passwords |
rlogin |
remote login to "trusted" computer that is not kerberized |
rsh |
execute single command on remote "trusted" computer |
rcp |
remote file copy to/from "trusted" computer |
host |
find IP address for given host name, or vice versa |
netscape |
web browser for X Window terminals/servers |
lynx |
web browser for character based (text-only) terminals |
kermit |
transfer files over modem connections |
gzip, gunzip |
compress/decompress a file |
tar |
combine multiple files/dirs into single archive |
uuencode, uudecode |
encode/decode a binary file for transmission via email |
Compilers, interpreters and programming tools
csh |
command language interpreter (C-shell scripts) |
ksh |
command language interpreter (Korn-shell scripts) |
sh |
command language interpreter (Borne-shell scripts) |
f77 |
Compaq(HP) Fortran 77 compiler |
f95 |
Compaq(HP) Fortran 90/95 compiler |
f2c |
convert fortran source code to C source code |
cc, c89 |
Compaq(HP) ANSI 89 standard C compiler |
cxx |
Compaq(HP) C++ compiler |
gcc |
GNU C compiler |
g++ |
GNU C++ compiler |
pc |
Compaq(HP) Pascal compiler |
dbx |
command-line symbolic debugger for compiled C or Fortran |
ladebug |
X Window symbolic debugger for compiled C or Fortran |
make |
recompile programs from modified source |
gmake |
GNU version of make utility |
cflow |
generate C flow graph |
error |
analyze and disperse compiler error messages |
Programming libraries (see man library_name)
lapack |
Fortran 77 routines for numerical linear algebra (supersedes LINPACK and EISPACK) |
X |
routines to interface with X window system (no man page -- get the X Toolkit book) |
dbm |
database routines |
xdr |
library routines for external data representation |
netcdf |
routines for machine independent data representation |
Tape manipulation and archiving
mt |
manipulate tape drive and position tape |
dd |
unformatted tape read and write; file conversion |
tar |
archive disk files on tape or disk |
ltf |
read/write ANSI standard label tapes |
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